--- pl:miw:miw2009_llvm [2010/01/11 18:13]
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+++ pl:miw:miw2009_llvm [2019/06/27 15:50]
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-====== Opis ======
-Sławomir Widlarz <swidlarz@gmail.pl>
-==== SemWeb_SPARQL ====
-* research on SPARQL,\\
-* provide a presentation,\\
-* look for language support\\
-* other tools\\
-* look for/build Prolog API, e.g. SeRQL \\
-====== Spotkania ======
-===== 20090326 ====
-====== What is SPARQL ======
-\\
-Resource Description Framework (RDF) sets a standard for describing metadata in a way that computers can understand and process it, and integrate information from disparate information sources on the Web. RDF has needed a standard query language for some time and having one will make many development tasks much easier. Or how would you feel using relational databases without SQL?\\
-SPARQL (‘sparkle’) is a standardized query language for RDF data. It offers developers of Semantic Web applications a way to write queries across this wide range of information. Used with a common protocol, applications can access and combine information from multiple sources on the Web. For example, SPARQL can be used to write Semantic Web applications in areas like financial markets, tourism, transportation, and pharmaceuticals.\\
-SPARQL, which is both a query language and a data access protocol, has the ability to become a key component in Web 2.0 applications: as a standard backed by a flexible data model, it can provide a common query mechanism for all Web 2.0 applications – just what Web 2.0 needs. As SPARQL emerges, we can expect to see a fast growing number of application developers
-\\
-====== Introduction ======
- \\
-  * RDF – flexible and extensible way to represent information about WWW resources
-  * SPARQL - query language for getting information from RDF graphs. It provides facilities to:
-     * extract information in the form of URIs, blank nodes, plain and typed literals.
-     * extract RDF subgraphs.
-     * construct new RDF graphs based on information in the queried graphs
-  * matching graph patterns
-  * variables – global scope; indicated by ‘?‘ or ‘$‘
-  * query terms – based on Turtle syntax
-  * terms delimited by "<>" are relative URI references
-  * data description format - Turtle
-====== Graph Patterns ======
-**Basic Graph Pattern** – set of Triple Patterns \\ \\
-**Group Pattern**  - a set of  graph patterns must all match \\ \\
-**Value Constraints**  - restrict RDF terms in a solution \\ \\
-**Optional Graph Patterns** .- additional patterns may extend the solution \\ \\
-**Alternative Graph Pattern** – two or more possible patterns are tried \\ \\
-**Patterns on Named Graphs**  - patterns are matched against named graphs \\ \\
-===== Basic Graph Pattern =====
-  * Set of Triple Patterns
-     * **Triple Pattern** – similar to an RDF Triple (subject, predicate, object), but any component can be a query variable; literal subjects are allowed,
-     * Matching a triple pattern to a graph: bindings between variables and RDF Terms.
-  * Matching of Basic Graph Patterns
-     * A Pattern Solution of Graph Pattern GP on graph G is any substitution S such that S(GP) is a subgraph of G.
-     SELECT ?x ?v WHERE { ?x ?x ?v }
-     rdf:type rdf:type rdf:Property
-===== Basic Graph Pattern  - Multiple Matches =====
-Data:\\
-      @prefix foaf:  <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a  foaf:name   "Johnny Lee Outlaw" .
-      _:a  foaf:mbox   <mailto:jlow@example.com> .
-      _:b  foaf:name   "Peter Goodguy" .
-      _:b  foaf:mbox   <mailto:peter@example.org> .
-      _:c  foaf:mbox   <mailto:carol@example.org> .
-Query:\\
-      PREFIX foaf:   <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
-      SELECT ?name ?mbox
-      WHERE
-      { ?x foaf:name ?name .
-      ?x foaf:mbox ?mbox }
-Query Result:
-^name^mbox^
-|"Johnny Lee Outlaw"|<mailto:jlow@example.com>|
-|"Peter Goodguy" |<mailto:peter@example.org>|
-===== Basic Graph Pattern  - Blank Nodes =====
-Data:
-     @prefix foaf:  <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .\\
-     _:a  foaf:name   "Alice" .\\
-     _:b  foaf:name   "Bob" .\\
-Query: \\
-     PREFIX foaf:   <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>\\
-     SELECT ?x ?name\\
-     WHERE  { ?x foaf:name ?name }\\
-^x^name^
-|_:c|"Alice"|
-|_:d|"Bob"|
-===== Group Pattern   =====
-In a SPARQL query string, a group graph pattern is delimited with braces: {}. For example, this query's query pattern is a group graph pattern of one basic graph pattern.
-\\
-      PREFIX foaf:    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> \\
-      SELECT ?name ?mbox\\
-      WHERE  {
-      ?x foaf:name ?name .
-      ?x foaf:mbox ?mbox .
-              }
-The same solutions would be obtained from a query that grouped the triple patterns into two basic graph patterns. For example, the query below has a different structure but would yield the same solutions as the previous query: \\
-       PREFIX foaf:    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> \\
-       SELECT ?name ?mbox \\
-       WHERE  {
-         { ?x foaf:name ?name . }
-         { ?x foaf:mbox ?mbox . }
-              }
-===== Value Constraints =====
-Constraints can be given in an optional graph pattern. For example:
-      {
-      @prefix dc:   <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
-      @prefix :     <http://example.org/book/>
-      @prefix ns:   <http://example.org/ns#> .
-      }
-      :book1  dc:title  "SPARQL Tutorial" .
-      :book1  ns:price  42 .
-      :book2  dc:title  "The Semantic Web" .
-      :book2  ns:price  23 .
-Query:
-      PREFIX  dc:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-      PREFIX  ns:  <http://example.org/ns#>
-      SELECT  ?title ?price
-      WHERE   { ?x dc:title ?title .
-      OPTIONAL { ?x ns:price ?price . FILTER (?price < 30) }
-      }
-Query results:
-^title^price^
-|"SPARQL Tutorial"||
-|"The Semantic Web"|23|
-===== Optional graph patterns =====
-      {
-      @prefix dc:   <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
-      @prefix :     <http://example.org/book/>
-      @prefix ns:   <http://example.org/ns#> .
-      }
-      :book1  dc:title  "SPARQL Tutorial" .
-      :book1  ns:price  42 .
-      :book2  dc:title  "The Semantic Web" .
-      :book2  ns:price  23 .
-Query:
-      PREFIX  dc:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-      PREFIX  ns:  <http://example.org/ns#>
-      SELECT  ?title ?price
-      WHERE   { ?x dc:title ?title .
-      OPTIONAL { ?x ns:price ?price . FILTER (?price < 30) }
-      }
-Query results:
-^title^price^
-|"SPARQL Tutorial"||
-|"The Semantic Web"|23|
-===== Multiple Optional Blocks =====
-Graph patterns are defined recursively. A graph pattern may have zero or more optional graph patterns, and any part of a query pattern may have an optional part. In this example, there are two optional graph patterns.
-Data:
-      @prefix foaf:       <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a  foaf:name       "Alice" .
-      _:a  foaf:homepage   <http://work.example.org/alice/> .
-      _:b  foaf:name       "Bob" .
-      _:b  foaf:mbox       <mailto:bob@work.example> .
-Query:
-      PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
-      SELECT ?name ?mbox ?hpage
-      WHERE  { ?x foaf:name  ?name .
-               OPTIONAL { ?x foaf:mbox ?mbox } .
-               OPTIONAL { ?x foaf:homepage ?hpage }
-             }
-Query result:
-^name^mbox^hpage^
-|"Alice"| |<http://work.example.org/alice/>|
-|"Bob"|<mailto:bob@work.example>| |
-===== Alternative Graph Patterns =====
-SPARQL provides a means of combining graph patterns so that one of several alternative graph patterns may match. If more than one of the alternatives matches, all the possible pattern solutions are found.
-Pattern alternatives are syntactically specified with the UNION keyword.
-Data:
-      @prefix dc10:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.0/> .
-      @prefix dc11:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
-      _:a  dc10:title     "SPARQL Query Language Tutorial" .
-      _:a  dc10:creator   "Alice" .
-      _:b  dc11:title     "SPARQL Protocol Tutorial" .
-      _:b  dc11:creator   "Bob" .
-      _:c  dc10:title     "SPARQL" .
-      _:c  dc11:title     "SPARQL (updated)" .
-Query:
-      PREFIX dc10:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.0/>
-      PREFIX dc11:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-      SELECT ?title
-      WHERE  { { ?book dc10:title  ?title } UNION { ?book dc11:title  ?title } }
-Query result:
-^title^
-|"SPARQL Protocol Tutorial"|
-|"SPARQL"|
-|"SPARQL (updated)"|
-|"SPARQL Query Language Tutorial"|
-This will return results with the variable x bound for solutions from the left branch of the UNION, and y bound for the solutions from the right branch. If neither part of the UNION pattern matched, then the graph pattern would not match. \\
-      PREFIX dc10:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.0/>
-      PREFIX dc11:  <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-      SELECT ?title ?author
-      WHERE  { { ?book dc10:title ?title .  ?book dc10:creator ?author }
-               UNION
-               { ?book dc11:title ?title .  ?book dc11:creator ?author }
-             }
-^author^title^
-|"Alice"|"SPARQL Protocol Tutorial"|
-|"Bob"|"SPARQL Query Language Tutorial"|
-====== RDF Dataset ======
-  * RDF data stores may hold multiple RDF graphs:
-     * record information about each graph
-     * queries that involve information from more than one graph
-     * RDF Dataset in SPARQL terminology
-     * the background graph, which does not have a name, and zero or more named graphs, identified by URI reference
-  * the relationship between named and background graphs:
-     * (i) to have information in the background graph that includes provenance information about the named graphs (the application is not directly trusting the information in the named graphs )
-     * (ii) to include the information in the named graphs in the background graph as well.
-\\
-===== RDF Dataset- The Relationship between Named and Background Graphs (I) =====
-      # Background graph
-      @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
-      <http://example.org/bob> dc:publisher "Bob" .
-      <http://example.org/alice> dc:publisher "Alice" .
-      # Graph: http://example.org/bob
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a foaf:name "Bob" .
-      _:a foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@oldcorp.example.org> .
-      # Graph: http://example.org/alice
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a foaf:name "Alice" .
-      _:a foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@work.example.org> .
-===== RDF Dataset- The Relationship between Named and Background Graphs (II) =====
-      # Background graph
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:x foaf:name "Bob" .
-      _:x foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@oldcorp.example.org> .
-      _:y foaf:name "Alice" .
-      _:y foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@work.example.org> .
-      # Graph: http://example.org/bob
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a foaf:name "Bob" .
-      _:a foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@oldcorp.example.org> .
-      # Graph: http://example.org/alice
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a foaf:name "Alice" .
-      _:a foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@work.example.org> .
-====== Querying the Dataset ======
-The use of GRAPH changes the active graph for matching basic graph patterns within part of the query. Outside the use of GRAPH, the default graph is matched by basic graph patterns.
-      # Graph: http://example.org/foaf/aliceFoaf
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
-      @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
-      _:a foaf:name "Alice" .
-      _:a foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@work.example> .
-      _:a foaf:knows _:b .
-      _:b rdfs:seeAlso <http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf> .
-      <http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf> rdf:type foaf:PersonalProfileDocument .
-      _:b foaf:name "Bob" .
-      _:b foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@work.example> .
-      _:b foaf:age 32 .
-      # Graph: http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
-      @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
-       _:1 foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@work.example> .
-       _:1 rdfs:seeAlso <http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf> .
-      _:1 foaf:age 35 .
-      <http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf> rdf:type foaf:PersonalProfileDocument .
-===== Querying the Dataset  - Accessing Graph Labels =====
-Query:
-      PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
-      SELECT ?src ?bobAge
-      WHERE { GRAPH ?src
-            {
-              ?x foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@work.example> .
-              ?x foaf:age ?bobAge }
-            }
-Query results:
-^src^bobAge^
-|<http://example.org/foaf/aliceFoaf>|32|
-|<http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf>|35|
-===== Querying the Dataset  - Restricting by Graph Label  =====
-Query:
-      PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
-      PREFIX data: <http://example.org/foaf/>
-      SELECT ?age
-      WHERE
-      {
-      GRAPH data:bobFoaf
-      {
-      ?x foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@work.example> .
-      ?x foaf:age ?age  }
-      }
-Query results:
-^age^
-|35|
-===== Querying the Dataset  - Restricting via Query Pattern  =====
-Query:
-      PREFIX data: <http://example.org/foaf/>
-      PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
-      PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
-      PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-      SELECT ?mbox ?age ?ppd
-      WHERE
-      { GRAPH data:aliceFoaf
-      { ?alice foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@work.example> ;
-        foaf:knows ?whom .
-        ?whom foaf:mbox ?mbox ;
-        rdfs:seeAlso ?ppd .
-        ?ppd a foaf:PersonalProfileDocument . } .
-        GRAPH ?ppd
-        {
-        ?w foaf:mbox ?mbox ;
-        foaf:age ?age
-        }
-      }
-Query results:
-^mbox^age^ppd^
-|<mailto:bob@work.example>|35|<http://example.org/foaf/bobFoaf>|
-===== Query Execution and Ordering  =====
-  * Optional-1: an optional pattern that has a common variable with a(more) basic graph pattern(s) must be executed  after the basic graph pattern(s)
-  * Optional-2: there can't be two optionals with a common variable, if that variable does not occur in a basic graph pattern as well
-  * Constraint: constraints are evaluated after variables are assigned values
-===== Query forms:  =====
-  * SELECT
-     * returns all, or a subset of the variables bound in a query pattern match
-     * formats : XML or RDF/XML
-  * CONSTRUCT
-     * returns an RDF graph constructed by substituting variables in a set of triple templates
-  * DESCRIBE
-     * returns an RDF graph that describes the resources found.
-  * ASK
-     * returns whether a query pattern matches or not.
-==== CONSTRUCT Examples(I) ====
-      @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
-      _:a foaf:name "Alice" .
-      _:a foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.org> .
-      PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
-      PREFIX vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#>
-      CONSTRUCT { <http://example.org/person#Alice> vcard:FN ?name }
-      WHERE { ?x foaf:name ?name }
-      @prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#>.
-      <http://example.org/person#Alice> vcard:FN "Alice" .
-extracting a whole graph from the target RDF dataset
-      CONSTRUCT { ?s ?p ?o }
-      WHERE { GRAPH <http://example.org/myGraph> { ?s ?p ?o } . }
-====== Sprawozdanie ======
-====== Prezentacja ======
-====== Materiały ======

pl/miw/miw2009_llvm.txt · ostatnio zmienione: 2019/06/27 15:50 (edycja zewnętrzna)

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