Equation solving 2

Description

A program for solving equations

Source: The Art of Prolog

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Program source code: equation_solving_2.pl

Listing

/*  
 
     solve_equation(Equation,Unknown,Solution) :-
 
	Solution is a solution to the equation Equation 
 
	in the unknown Unknown.
 
*/
 
	:- op(40,xfx,\).
 
	:- op(50,xfx,^).
 
 
 
     solve_equation(A*B=0,X,Solution) :- 
 
	!,
 
        factorize(A*B,X,Factors\[]),
 
	remove_duplicates(Factors,Factors1),
 
	solve_factors(Factors1,X,Solution).
 
 
 
     solve_equation(Equation,X,Solution) :-
 
        single_occurrence(X,Equation), 
 
	!,
 
        position(X,Equation,[Side|Position]),
 
        maneuver_sides(Side,Equation,Equation1),
 
        isolate(Position,Equation1,Solution).
 
 
 
     solve_equation(Lhs=Rhs,X,Solution) :-
 
        is_polynomial(Lhs,X),
 
	is_polynomial(Rhs,X),
 
	!,
 
	polynomial_normal_form(Lhs-Rhs,X,PolyForm),
 
        solve_polynomial_equation(PolyForm,X,Solution).
 
 
 
     solve_equation(Equation,X,Solution) :-
 
        offenders(Equation,X,Offenders),
 
	multiple(Offenders),
 
    	homogenize(Equation,X,Offenders,Equation1,X1),
 
        solve_equation(Equation1,X1,Solution1),
 
        solve_equation(Solution1,X,Solution).
 
 
 
/*  The factorization method
 
 
 
     factorize(Expression,Subterm,Factors) :-
 
	  Factors is a difference-list consisting of the factors of
 
	  the multiplicative term Expression that contains the Subterm.
 
*/
 
     factorize(A*B,X,Factors\Rest) :-
 
	!, factorize(A,X,Factors\Factors1), factorize(B,X,Factors1\Rest).
 
     factorize(C,X,[C|Factors]\Factors) :-
 
	subterm(X,C),  !.
 
     factorize(C,X,Factors\Factors).
 
 
 
/*   solve_factors(Factors,Unknown,Solution) :-
 
	Solution is a solution of the equation Factor=0 in
 
	the Unknown for some Factor in the list of Factors.
 
*/
 
     solve_factors([Factor|Factors],X,Solution) :-
 
	solve_equation(Factor=0,X,Solution).
 
     solve_factors([Factor|Factors],X,Solution) :-
 
	solve_factors(Factors,X,Solution).
 
 
 
/*  The isolation method  */
 
 
 
     maneuver_sides(1,Lhs = Rhs,Lhs = Rhs) :- !.
 
     maneuver_sides(2,Lhs = Rhs,Rhs = Lhs) :- !.
 
 
 
     isolate([N|Position],Equation,IsolatedEquation) :- 
 
	isolax(N,Equation,Equation1), 
 
	isolate(Position,Equation1,IsolatedEquation).
 
     isolate([],Equation,Equation).
 
 
 
     /* Axioms for Isolation	*/
 
 
 
isolax(1,-Lhs = Rhs,Lhs = -Rhs).			% Unary minus 
 
 
 
isolax(1,Term1+Term2 = Rhs,Term1 = Rhs-Term2).		% Addition
 
isolax(2,Term1+Term2 = Rhs,Term2 = Rhs-Term1). 		% Addition
 
 
 
isolax(1,Term1-Term2 = Rhs,Term1 = Rhs+Term2).		% Subtraction
 
isolax(2,Term1-Term2 = Rhs,Term2 = Term1-Rhs). 		% Subtraction
 
 
 
isolax(1,Term1*Term2 = Rhs,Term1 = Rhs/Term2) :- 	% Multiplication 
 
   Term2 \== 0.
 
isolax(2,Term1*Term2 = Rhs,Term2 = Rhs/Term1) :- 	% Multiplication 
 
   Term1 \== 0.
 
 
 
isolax(1,Term1/Term2 = Rhs,Term1 = Rhs*Term2) :- 	% Division
 
   Term2 \== 0.
 
isolax(2,Term1/Term2 = Rhs,Term2 = Term1/Rhs) :- 	% Division
 
   Rhs \== 0. 
 
 
 
isolax(1,Term1^Term2 = Rhs,Term1 = Rhs^(-Term2)).	% Exponentiation $$$ ^
 
isolax(2,Term1^Term2 = Rhs,Term2 = log(base(Term1),Rhs)). % Exponentiation
 
 
 
isolax(1,sin(U) = V,U = arcsin(V)).			% Sine
 
isolax(1,sin(U) = V,U = 180 - arcsin(V)).		% Sine
 
isolax(1,cos(U) = V,U = arccos(V)).			% Cosine
 
isolax(1,cos(U) = V,U = -arccos(V)).			% Cosine
 
 
 
/*  The polynomial method	*/
 
 
 
     polynomial(X,X) :- !.
 
     polynomial(Term,X) :- 
 
        constant(Term), !.
 
     polynomial(Term1+Term2,X) :- 
 
        !, polynomial(Term1,X), polynomial(Term2,X).
 
     polynomial(Term1-Term2,X) :- 
 
        !, polynomial(Term1,X), polynomial(Term2,X).
 
     polynomial(Term1*Term2,X) :- 
 
        !, polynomial(Term1,X), polynomial(Term2,X).
 
     polynomial(Term1/Term2,X) :- 
 
        !, polynomial(Term1,X), constant(Term2).
 
     polynomial(Term ^ N,X) :- 	
 
        !, integer(N), N >= 0, polynomial(Term,X).	
 
 
 
/* 
 
     polynomial_normal_form(Expression,Term,PolyNormalForm) :-
 
	   PolyNormalForm  is the polynomial normal form of the 
 
	   Expression, which is a polynomial in Term.
 
*/
 
     polynomial_normal_form(Polynomial,X,NormalForm) :-
 
	polynomial_form(Polynomial,X,PolyForm),
 
	remove_zero_terms(PolyForm,NormalForm), !.
 
 
 
     polynomial_form(X,X,[(1,1)]).
 
     polynomial_form(X^N,X,[(1,N)]).
 
     polynomial_form(Term1+Term2,X,PolyForm) :-
 
        polynomial_form(Term1,X,PolyForm1),
 
        polynomial_form(Term2,X,PolyForm2),
 
	add_polynomials(PolyForm1,PolyForm2,PolyForm).
 
     polynomial_form(Term1-Term2,X,PolyForm) :-
 
        polynomial_form(Term1,X,PolyForm1),
 
        polynomial_form(Term2,X,PolyForm2),
 
	subtract_polynomials(PolyForm1,PolyForm2,PolyForm).
 
     polynomial_form(Term1*Term2,X,PolyForm) :-
 
        polynomial_form(Term1,X,PolyForm1),
 
        polynomial_form(Term2,X,PolyForm2),
 
	multiply_polynomials(PolyForm1,PolyForm2,PolyForm).
 
     polynomial_form(Term^N,X,PolyForm) :- !,
 
	polynomial_form(Term,X,PolyForm1),
 
	binomial(PolyForm1,N,PolyForm).
 
     polynomial_form(Term,X,[(Term,0)]) :-
 
	free_of(X,Term), !.
 
 
 
   remove_zero_terms([(0,N)|Poly],Poly1) :-
 
	!, remove_zero_terms(Poly,Poly1).
 
   remove_zero_terms([(C,N)|Poly],[(C,N)|Poly1]) :-
 
	C \== 0, !, remove_zero_terms(Poly,Poly1).
 
   remove_zero_terms([],[]).
 
 
 
   /*  Polynomial manipulation routines		*/
 
 
 
/*  add_polynomials(Poly1,Poly2,Poly) :-
 
	Poly is the sum of Poly1 and Poly2, where
 
	Poly1, Poly2 and Poly are all in polynomial form.
 
*/
 
   add_polynomials([],Poly,Poly) :- !.
 
   add_polynomials(Poly,[],Poly) :- !.
 
   add_polynomials([(Ai,Ni)|Poly1],[(Aj,Nj)|Poly2],[(Ai,Ni)|Poly]) :-
 
        Ni > Nj, !, add_polynomials(Poly1,[(Aj,Nj)|Poly2],Poly).
 
   add_polynomials([(Ai,Ni)|Poly1],[(Aj,Nj)|Poly2],[(A,Ni)|Poly]) :-
 
	Ni =:= Nj, !, A is Ai+Aj, add_polynomials(Poly1,Poly2,Poly).
 
   add_polynomials([(Ai,Ni)|Poly1],[(Aj,Nj)|Poly2],[(Aj,Nj)|Poly]) :-
 
	Ni < Nj, !, add_polynomials([(Ai,Ni)|Poly1],Poly2,Poly).
 
 
 
/*  subtract_polynomials(Poly1,Poly2,Poly) :-
 
	Poly is the difference of Poly1 and Poly2, where
 
	Poly1, Poly2 and Poly are all in polynomial form.
 
*/
 
   subtract_polynomials(Poly1,Poly2,Poly) :-
 
	multiply_single(Poly2,(-1,0),Poly3),
 
   	add_polynomials(Poly1,Poly3,Poly), !.
 
 
 
/*  multiply_single(Poly1,Monomial,Poly) :-
 
	Poly is the product of Poly1 and Monomial, where
 
	Poly1, and Poly are in polynomial form, and Monomial 
 
 	has the form (C,N) denoting the monomial C*X^N.
 
*/
 
 
 
   multiply_single([(C1,N1)|Poly1],(C,N),[(C2,N2)|Poly]) :-
 
	C2 is C1*C, N2 is N1+N, multiply_single(Poly1,(C,N),Poly).
 
   multiply_single([],Factor,[]).
 
 
 
/*  multiply_polynomials(Poly1,Poly2,Poly) :-
 
	Poly  is the product of Poly1 and Poly2, where
 
	Poly1, Poly2 and Poly are all in polynomial form.
 
*/
 
   multiply_polynomials([(C,N)|Poly1],Poly2,Poly) :-
 
	multiply_single(Poly2,(C,N),Poly3),
 
	multiply_polynomials(Poly1,Poly2,Poly4),
 
   	add_polynomials(Poly3,Poly4,Poly).
 
   multiply_polynomials([],P,[]).
 
 
 
   binomial(Poly,1,Poly).
 
 
 
/*   solve_polynomial_equation(Equation,Unknown,Solution) :-
 
	Solution  is a solution to the polynomial Equation  
 
	in the unknown Unknown.
 
*/
 
 
 
   solve_polynomial_equation(PolyEquation,X,X = -B/A) :-
 
   	linear(PolyEquation), !, 
 
	pad(PolyEquation,[(A,1),(B,0)]). 
 
   solve_polynomial_equation(PolyEquation,X,Solution) :-
 
	quadratic(PolyEquation), !,
 
	pad(PolyEquation,[(A,2),(B,1),(C,0)]),
 
	discriminant(A,B,C,Discriminant),
 
	root(X,A,B,C,Discriminant,Solution).
 
 
 
	discriminant(A,B,C,D) :- D is B*B - 4*A*C.
 
 
 
	root(X,A,B,C,0,X= -B/(2*A)).
 
	root(X,A,B,C,D,X= (-B+sqrt(D))/(2*A)) :- D > 0.
 
	root(X,A,B,C,D,X= (-B-sqrt(D))/(2*A)) :- D > 0.
 
 
 
   pad([(C,N)|Poly],[(C,N)|Poly1]) :-
 
	!, pad(Poly,Poly1).
 
   pad(Poly,[(0,N)|Poly1]) :-
 
	pad(Poly,Poly1).
 
   pad([],[]).
 
 
 
   linear([(Coeff,1)|Poly]).	
 
 
 
   quadratic([(Coeff,2)|Poly]).
 
 
 
/*  The homogenization method	
 
 
 
   homogenize(Equation,X,Equation1,X1) :-
 
	The Equation in X is transformed to the polynomial
 
	Equation1 in X1 where X1 contains X.
 
*/				
 
     homogenize(Equation,X,Equation1,X1) :-
 
	offenders(Equation,X,Offenders),
 
        reduced_term(X,Offenders,Type,X1),
 
        rewrite(Offenders,Type,X1,Substitutions),
 
        substitute(Equation,Substitutions,Equation1).
 
 
 
     /*  offenders(Equation,Unknown,Offenders) 
 
	Offenders is the set of offenders of the equation in the Unknown  */
 
 
 
     offenders(Equation,X,Offenders) :-
 
        parse(Equation,X,Offenders1\[]),
 
        remove_duplicates(Offenders1,Offenders),
 
	multiple(Offenders).
 
 
 
     reduced_term(X,Offenders,Type,X1) :-
 
	classify(Offenders,X,Type),
 
	candidate(Type,Offenders,X,X1).
 
 
 
    /*  Heuristics for exponential equations	*/
 
 
 
    classify(Offenders,X,exponential) :-
 
	exponential_offenders(Offenders,X).
 
 
 
     exponential_offenders([A^B|Offs],X) :-
 
	free_of(X,A), subterm(X,B), exponential_offenders(Offs,X).
 
     exponential_offenders([],X).
 
 
 
     candidate(exponential,Offenders,X,A^X) :-
 
	base(Offenders,A), polynomial_exponents(Offenders,X).
 
 
 
     base([A^B|Offs],A) :- base(Offs,A).
 
     base([],A).
 
 
 
     polynomial_exponents([A^B|Offs],X) :-
 
	polynomial(B,X), polynomial_exponents(Offs,X).
 
     polynomial_exponents([],X).
 
 
 
    /*   Parsing the equation and making substitutions	   */
 
 
 
   /*  parse(Expression,Term,Offenders)
 
	Expression is traversed to produce the set of Offenders in Term,
 
	that is the non-algebraic subterms of Expression containing Term  */
 
 
 
     parse(A+B,X,L1\L2) :-
 
	!, parse(A,X,L1\L3), parse(B,X,L3\L2).     
 
     parse(A*B,X,L1\L2) :-
 
	!, parse(A,X,L1\L3), parse(B,X,L3\L2).     
 
     parse(A-B,X,L1\L2) :-
 
	!, parse(A,X,L1\L3), parse(B,X,L3\L2).     
 
     parse(A=B,X,L1\L2) :-
 
	!, parse(A,X,L1\L3), parse(B,X,L3\L2).     
 
     parse(A^B,X,L) :-
 
	integer(B), !, parse(A,X,L).
 
     parse(A,X,L\L) :-
 
	free_of(X,A), !.
 
     parse(A,X,[A|L]\L) :-
 
	subterm(X,A), !.
 
 
 
/*     substitute(Equation,Substitutions,Equation1) :-
 
	Equation1 is the result of applying the list of 
 
	Substitutions to Equation.
 
   */
 
     substitute(A+B,Subs,NewA+NewB) :-
 
	!, substitute(A,Subs,NewA), substitute(B,Subs,NewB).     
 
     substitute(A*B,Subs,NewA*NewB) :-
 
	!, substitute(A,Subs,NewA), substitute(B,Subs,NewB).     
 
     substitute(A-B,Subs,NewA-NewB) :-
 
	!, substitute(A,Subs,NewA), substitute(B,Subs,NewB).     
 
     substitute(A=B,Subs,NewA=NewB) :-
 
	!, substitute(A,Subs,NewA), substitute(B,Subs,NewB).     
 
     substitute(A^B,Subs,NewA^B) :-
 
	integer(B), !, substitute(A,Subs,NewA).
 
     substitute(A,Subs,B) :-
 
	member(A=B,Subs), !.
 
     substitute(A,Subs,A).
 
 
 
     /*  Finding homogenization rewrite rules	*/
 
 
 
     rewrite([Off|Offs],Type,X1,[Off=Term|Rewrites]) :-
 
	homogenize_axiom(Type,Off,X1,Term),
 
	rewrite(Offs,Type,X1,Rewrites).
 
     rewrite([],Type,X,[]).
 
 
 
     /*  Homogenization axioms	*/
 
 
 
     homogenize_axiom(exponential,A^(N*X),A^X,(A^X)^N).
 
     homogenize_axiom(exponential,A^(-X),A^X,1/(A^X)).
 
     homogenize_axiom(exponential,A^(X+B),A^X,A^B*A^X).
 
 
 
/*	Utilities	*/
 
 
 
subterm(Term,Term).
 
subterm(Sub,Term) :-
 
	compound(Term), functor(Term,F,N), subterm(N,Sub,Term).
 
 
 
subterm(N,Sub,Term) :-
 
   arg(N,Term,Arg), subterm(Sub,Arg).
 
subterm(N,Sub,Term) :-
 
	N > 0,
 
	N1 is N - 1,
 
	subterm(N1,Sub,Term).
 
 
 
position(Term,Term,[]) :- !.
 
position(Sub,Term,Path) :-
 
        compound(Term), functor(Term,F,N), position(N,Sub,Term,Path), !.
 
 
 
position(N,Sub,Term,[N|Path]) :-
 
   arg(N,Term,Arg), position(Sub,Arg,Path).
 
position(N,Sub,Term,Path) :- 
 
   N > 1, N1 is N-1, position(N1,Sub,Term,Path).
 
 
 
 
 
     free_of(Subterm,Term) :-
 
        occurrence(Subterm,Term,N), !, N=0.
 
 
 
     single_occurrence(Subterm,Term) :-      
 
        occurrence(Subterm,Term,N), !, N=1.
 
 
 
  occurrence(Term,Term,1) :- !.
 
  occurrence(Sub,Term,N) :-
 
	compound(Term), !, functor(Term,F,M), occurrence(M,Sub,Term,0,N).
 
  occurrence(Sub,Term,0) :- Term \== Sub.
 
 
 
  occurrence(M,Sub,Term,N1,N2) :-
 
	M > 0, !, arg(M,Term,Arg), occurrence(Sub,Arg,N), N3 is N+N1,
 
		M1 is M-1, occurrence(M1,Sub,Term,N3,N2).
 
  occurrence(0,Sub,Term,N,N).
 
 
 
  multiple([X1,X2|Xs]).
 
 
 
remove_duplicates(Xs,Ys) :- no_doubles(Xs,Ys).
 
no_doubles([X|Xs],Ys) :-
	member(X,Xs), no_doubles(Xs,Ys).
no_doubles([X|Xs],[X|Ys]) :-
	nonmember(X,Xs), no_doubles(Xs,Ys).
no_doubles([],[]).
 
     nonmember(X,[Y|Ys]) :- X \== Y, nonmember(X,Ys).
     nonmember(X,[]).
 
	compound(Term) :- functor(Term,F,N),N > 0,!. % No permision to modify static_procedure 'compound/1'
 
%  Testing and data
 
test_press(X,Y) :- equation(X,E,U), solve_equation(E,U,Y).
 
equation(1,x^2-3*x+2=0,x).
 
equation(2,cos(x)*(1-2*sin(x))=0,x).
 
equation(3,2^(2*x) - 5*2^(x+1) + 16 = 0,x).
 
%  Program 23.1  A program for solving equations
 
member(X,[Y|Ys]) :- X \== Y, nonmember(X,Ys).
 
     nonmember(X,[]).
 
	compound(Term) :- functor(Term,F,N),N > 0,!.
 
%  Testing and data
 
test_press(X,Y) :- equation(X,E,U), solve_equation(E,U,Y).
 
equation(1,x^2-3*x+2=0,x).
 
equation(2,cos(x)*(1-2*sin(x))=0,x).
 
equation(3,2^(2*x) - 5*2^(x+1) + 16 = 0,x).
 
%  Program 23.1  A program for solving equations

Comments

RTERR: 368: No permission to modify static_procedure `compound/1'

pl/prolog/pllib/equation_solving_2.txt · ostatnio zmienione: 2019/06/27 15:50 (edycja zewnętrzna)
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