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<code prolog> % From the book % PROLOG PROGRAMMING IN DEPTH % by Michael A. Covington, Donald Nute, and Andre Vellino % (Prentice Hall, 1997). % Copyright 1997 Prentice-Hall, Inc. % For educational use only
% XSHELL.PL
% % An expert system consultation driver to be used % with separately written knowledge bases. % % Procedures in the file include XSHELL, XSHELL_AUX, % FINISH_XSHELL, PROP, PARM, PARMSET, PARMRANGE, % EXPLAIN, MEMBER, and WAIT. % % Requires various procedures defined in the files % READSTR.PL, READNUM.PL, and GETYESNO.PL from % Chapter 5. % % question2(Result,Question):- jpl_datums_to_array(Question,Q), jpl_new('miw2.YNQuestion',[Q],D), jpl_call(D,setVisible,[@(true)],_), jpl_call('miw2.YNQuestion',getValue,[],V), Result = V. info(X):- jpl_datums_to_array(X,Q), jpl_new('miw2.Info',[Q],D). myQuestion(Question,Choices,Response):- jpl_datums_to_array(Choices,L), jpl_datums_to_array(Question,Q), jpl_new('miw2.MyRBForm',[L,Q],F), jpl_call(F,setVisible,[@(true)],_), jpl_call('miw2.MyRBForm',getValue,[],V), Response = V. %
:- dynamic known/2.
:- ensure_loaded('readstr.pl'). :- ensure_loaded('readnum.pl'). :- ensure_loaded('writeln.pl'). % :- ensure_loaded('getyesno.pl').
% % xshell % The main program or procedure for the expert system % consultation driver. It always succeeds. %
xshell :- xkb_intro(Statement),
info(Statement),
wait,
xkb_identify(RULE,TextList),
asserta(known(identification,RULE)),
append_list(TextList,Text),
info(Text),
explain,
xkb_unique(yes([''])),
!,
xshell_aux.
xshell :- xshell_aux.
% % xshell_aux % Prevents an abrupt end to a consultation that ends % without an identification, or a consultation where % multiple identifications are allowed. %
xshell_aux :- \+ known(identification,_),
info(['I cannot reach a conclusion.']),
!,
finish_xshell.
xshell_aux :- xkb_unique(no),
known(identification,_),
info(['I cannot reach any further conclusion.']),
!,
finish_xshell.
xshell_aux :- finish_xshell.
% % finish_xshell % Erases the working database and asks if the user wants % to conduct another consultation. %
finish_xshell :-
retractall(known(_,_)),
% writeline('Do you want to conduct another consultation?'),
yes(['Do you want to conduct another consultation?']), !, xshell.
finish_xshell.
% % prop(+Property) % Succeeds if it is remembered from an earlier call that % the subject has the Property. Otherwise the user is % asked if the subject has the Property and the user's % answer is remembered. In this case, the procedure call % succeeds only if the user answers 'yes'. %
prop(Property) :- known(Property,Value),
!,
Value == y.
prop(Property) :- xkb_question(Property,Question,_,_),
% writeline(Question),
yes(Question),
!,
assert(known(Property,Result)).
prop(Property) :- assert(known(Property,n)),
!,
fail.
% % parm(+Parameter,+Type,+Value) % Type determines whether Value is to be a menu choice, an % atom, or a number. Value becomes the remembered value % for the parameter if there is one. Otherwise the user is % asked for a value and that value is remembered. Calls to % this procedure are used as test conditions for identification % rules. Value is instantiated before the procedure is called % and parm(Parameter,Type,Value) only succeeds if the remembered % value, or alternatively the value reported by the user, % matches Value. %
parm(Parameter,_,Value) :- known(Parameter,StoredValue),
!,
Value = StoredValue.
parm(Parameter,m,Value) :- xkb_menu(Parameter,Header,Choices,_),
length(Choices,L),
% writeline(Header),
% enumerate(Choices,1),
myQuestion(Header,Choices,N),
readnumber_in_range(1,L,N),
assert(known(Parameter,N)),
!,
Value = N.
parm(Parameter,a,Value) :- xkb_question(Parameter,Question,_,_),
% writeline(Question),
question(Response,Question),
% readatom(Response),
assert(known(Parameter,Response)),
!,
Value = Response.
parm(Parameter,n,Value) :- xkb_question(Parameter,Question,_,_),
% writeline(Question),
% readnumber(Response),
question(Response,Question),
assert(known(Parameter,Response)),
!,
Value = Response.
% % parmset(+Parameter,+Type,+Set) % Type indicates whether the Parameter takes a character, % an atom, or a number as value, and Set is a list of % possible values for Parameter. A call to the procedure % succeeds if a value for Parameter is established that is % a member of Set. %
parmset(Parameter,Type,Set) :- parm(Parameter,Type,Value),
member(Value,Set).
% % parmrange(+Parameter,+Minimum,+Maximum) % Parameter must take numbers as values, and Minimum and % Maximum must be numbers. A call to the procedure succeeds % if a value for Parameter is established that is in the % closed interval [Minimum,Maximum]. %
parmrange(Parameter,Minimum,Maximum) :-
parm(Parameter,n,Value), Minimum =< Value, Maximum >= Value.
% % explain and explain_aux % Upon request, provide an explanation of how an % identification was made. %
explain :- xkb_explain(no), wait, !.
explain :-
\+ yes(['Do you want to see the rule that was used
to reach the conclusion?']),!.
explain :-
known(identification,RULE),
clause(xkb_identify(RULE,_),Condition),
info(['Rule ',
% RULE,
': reach this conclusion IF']),
explain_aux(Condition),
wait, !.
explain_aux1) :-
!,
interpret(Condition),
explain_aux(RestOfConditions).
explain_aux(Condition) :-
interpret(Condition).
% % interpret(+Condition). % Uses questions and menus associated with a condition of % and identification rule to display the condition in a % format that makes sense to the user. %
interpret(prop(Property)) :-
!,
xkb_question(Property,_,Text,_),
% Text is a message that says the subject to be
% identified has the Property.
info([Text]).
interpret(\+(prop(Property))) :-
!,
xkb_question(Property,_,_,Text),
% Text is a message that says the subject to be
% identified does not have the Property.
info([Text]).
interpret(parm(Parameter,m,N)) :-
!,
xkb_menu(Parameter,_,Choices,Prefix),
% Prefix is a phrase that informs the user which
% Parameter is involved.
nth_member(N,Text,Choices),
% nth_member is used to retrieve the user's choice
% from the menu associated with the Parameter.
info([Prefix, Text, '.']).
interpret(\+(parm(Parameter,m,N))) :-
!,
xkb_menu(Parameter,_,Choices,Prefix),
% Prefix is a phrase that informs the user which
% Parameter is involved.
nth_member(N,Text,Choices),
% nth_member is used to retrieve the user's choice
% from the menu associated with the Parameter.
info([Prefix, 'NOT ',Text,'.']).
interpret(parm(Parameter,_,Value)) :-
!, % For any Parameter whose Value is not obtained
% by using a menu.
xkb_question(Parameter,_,Prefix,_),
info([Prefix,Value,'.']).
interpret(\+(parm(Parameter,_,Value))) :-
!, % For any Parameter whose Value is not obtained
% by using a menu.
xkb_question(Parameter,_,Prefix,_),
info([Prefix,' NOT ',Value,'.']).
interpret(parmset(Parameter,m,Set)) :-
!,
xkb_menu(Parameter,_,Choices,Prefix),
info([Prefix,' one of the following -']),
% Since parmset is involved, any value for Parameter
% included in Set would have satisfied the condition.
list_choices_in_set(Set,Choices,1).
interpret(\+(parmset(Parameter,m,Set))) :-
!,
xkb_menu(Parameter,_,Choices,Prefix),
info([Prefix,' NOT one of the following -']),
% Since parmset is involved, any value for Parameter
% not in Set would have satisfied the condition.
list_choices_in_set(Set,Choices,1).
interpret(parmset(Parameter,_,Set)) :-
!, % For any Parameter whose Value is not obtained
% by using a menu.
xkb_question(Parameter,_,Prefix,_),
info([Prefix,' one of the following - ']),
enumerate(Set,1).
interpret(\+(parmset(Parameter,_,Set))) :-
!, % For any Parameter whose Value is not obtained
% by using a menu.
xkb_question(Parameter,_,Prefix,_),
info([Prefix, ' NOT one of the following - ']),
enumerate(Set,1).
interpret(parmrange(Parameter,Min,Max)) :-
!,
xkb_question(Parameter,_,Prefix,_),
info([Prefix, ' between ',
Min,' and ',Max,
'.']).
interpret(\+(parmrange(Parameter,Min,Max))) :-
!,
xkb_question(Parameter,_,Prefix,_),
info([Prefix,' NOT between ',
Min,' and ', Max,
'.']).
interpret(\+(Condition)) :-
clause(Condition,Conditions),
% Any condition that does not have prop, parm,
% parmset, or parmrange as its functor must corres-
% pond to some Prolog rule with conditions of its
% own. Eventually, all conditions must terminate in
% conditions using prop, parm, parmset, or parmrange.
info(['A condition between here and "end" is NOT satisfied -']),
explain_aux(Conditions),
info([' end']).
interpret(Condition) :-
clause(Condition,Conditions),
% Any condition that does not have prop, parm,
% parmset, or parmrange as its functor must corres-
% pond to some Prolog rule with conditions of its
% own. Eventually, all conditions must terminate in
% conditions using prop, parm, parmset, or parmrange.
explain_aux(Conditions).
% % enumerate(+N,+X) % Prints each atom in list X on a separate line, numbering % the atoms beginning with the number N. Used to enumerate % menu choices. %
enumerate([],_). enumerate([H|T],N) :- info([N,'. ',H]),
M is N + 1,
enumerate(T,M).
% % list_choices_in_set(+X,+Y,+N) % The members of the list of atoms Y corresponding to the % positions in the list indicated by the members of the list % of integers X are printed on separate lines and numbered % beginning with the number N. %
list_choices_in_set([],_,_). list_choices_in_set([N|Tail],Choices,M) :-
nth_member(N,Choice,Choices),
info([M,'. ',Choice]),
K is M + 1,
list_choices_in_set(Tail,Choices,K).
% % readnumber_in_range(+Min,+Max,-Response) % Evokes a numerical input from the user which must be % between Min and Max inclusively. %
readnumber_in_range(Min,Max,Response) :-
% readnumber(Num),
testnumber_in_range(Min,Max,Num,Response).
% % testnumber_in_range(+Min,+Max,+Input,-Response) % Tests user Input to insure that it is a number between % Min and Max inclusively. If it is not, instructions for % the user are printed and readnum/1 is called to accept % another numerical input from the user. %
testnumber_in_range(Min,Max,Num,Num) :-
Min =< Num,
Num =< Max,
!.
testnumber_in_range(Min,Max,_,Num) :-
info(['Number between ',
Min,
' and ',
Max,
' expected. Try again. ']),
readnumber_in_range(Min,Max,Num).
% % wait % Stops execution until the user presses a key. Used to % prevent information from scrolling off the screen before % the user can read it. %
wait :- info(['Press Return when ready to continue. ']).
% % yes % Prompts the user for a response and succeeds if the % user enters 'y' or 'Y'. %
yes(Question) :- question2(Response,Question),
!,
Response == yes.
member(X,[X|_]). member(X,[_|Y]) :- member(X,Y).
% % nth_member(+N,-X,+Y) % X is the nth element of list Y. %
nth_member(1,X,[X|_]). nth_member(N,X,[_|Y]) :- nth_member(M,X,Y),
N is M + 1.
append_list([],[]). append_list([N|Tail],Text) :- append_list(Tail,Text1),
xkb_text(N,Text2),
append(Text2,Text1,Text).
% % writeline(+Text) % Prints Text consisting of a string or a list of % strings, with each string followed by a new line. %
% writeline([]) :- !. % writeline([First|Rest]) :- % !, % info([First, % Rest]). % writeline(String) :- % write(String), % .
</prolog>
